The Confederate State of Arizona

The ruins of Fort Bowie, Arizona, not far from the site of the Bascom Affair.

 It may come as surprise to most Arizona residents that the lower portion of the state, including Tucson, was once a part of the Confederacy during the Civil War. That brief period in the state's history involved a strange set of dynamics including the influence of the Apache wars, political moves by the Union military leaders, a lone wolf decision by an ambitious Confederate general, and a grudge held by residents of Mexican descent who'd become Americans by virtue of the 1854 Gadsden Purchase. For those who aren't avid history buffs, I'm going to offer a concise and condensed narration gleaned from detail-laden documents, books, and newspaper accounts of the time. It's all fascinating reading, but so is a brief synopsis. For ardent history buffs, forgive me the necessity of leaving out the thousands of pertinent details for the purpose of brevity. I acknowledge this is a gross oversimplification of events.

Since 1858, the Butterfield Overland Mail had run mail and passenger services between St. Louis and San Francisco on their stage route (known as the "Oxbow Route") across southern Arizona Territory.  The station keepers for some time interacted and traded with the Apache, with occasional conflicts. In February, 1861, a momentous and notorious event known as the Bascom Affair occurred in the Apache Pass area of the Chiricahuas (in what is now Cochise County). It became the match that ignited a tinderbox of festering hostility. In the fallout, Butterfield employees, members of Cochise's Apache band, and US Cavalry soldiers all suffered casualties. The Apache wars continued with renewed tension. Nearly all of the Butterfield employees along the Arizona route were killed.

For other business reasons of their own as well as being plagued by attacks by Apache on their stations and carriers, the Butterfield Overland Mail opted to shift their route north and shut down the route that extended through southern Arizona. In the opinion of those who wrote for Arizona papers in the latter 1860s, the Apache were emboldened by the move and, seeing the route abruptly altered, credited themselves for the route's discontinuation. 

As the hostilities again flared up, the US military also had to contend with the early stages of secession and civil war in the nation's southeast. Later in 1861, the US military leaders, headed by Secretary of War Simon Cameron, pulled the vast majority of troops deployed in Arizona Territory (AT). The troops had been charged with quelling Apache depradations on settlers, stage station keepers, postal carriers, and those who traveled the region. When some 3,400 regular troops were suddenly removed from the lower part of the state, bitter settlers were left to fend for themselves without advance warning. The military, destroying their own supplies and equipment as they withdrew, further left the settlers at risk of starvation.

The Apache, seeing the troops suddenly vanished after years of skirmishes and battles, could be forgiven for reasoning they'd won the wars and had driven the military from the land. Attacks on whites in the territory mushroomed. With the increased hostilities, the Confederate leaders in the Arizona / New Mexico territory rightly viewed Arizona as a lawless land. They quickly sought to fill and exploit the void. 

As the Apache had been emboldened by the withdrawal of the troops, so had the Confederacy been emboldened by the actions of Union General David E. Twiggs, who surrendered all the troops in Texas. Not only did the CSA gain confidence, but they gained the spoils of Twiggs' treason: the ample supplies and military equipment left behind. Enter Henry Sibley, an experienced veteran of the Indian campaigns in New Mexico Territory, and now a commanding officer in the CSA. Sibley's grand plans (made on his own, without the direction or approval of the Confederate powers-that-be) included taking NM and Arizona before conquering Colorado and Utah. From there, he expected to take California.

On August, 1, 1861, Confederate Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor, the Confederate commander assigned to the territory, wrote:

    "The social and political condition of Arizona being little short of general anarchy, and the people being literally destitute of law, order, and protection, the said Territory from the date hereof, is hereby declared temporarily organized as a military government, until such time as Congress may otherwise provide. I, John R. Baylor, Lieut. Col. commanding the Confederate Army in the Territory of Arizona, hereby take possession of the said Territory in the name and behalf of the Confederate States of America. For all the purposes herein specified, and until otherwise decreed or provided, the Territory of Arizona shall comprise all that portion of the recent Territory of New Mexico lying south of the 34th parallel of north latitude." 

In early February, 1862, Confederate President Jefferson Davis announced the newly-minted Confederate entity would be known as the Confederate Territory of Arizona. 

Devoid of the usual contingent of regulars, it fell upon a group of volunteer troops to rise to the defense of the southwest. The California Column, headed by experienced old-school campaigner General James H. Carleton, moved toward the Confederate line. A skirmish at Picacho Peak, that iconic landmark midway between Phoenix and Tucson, in March of 1862 encouraged Union leaders to reinforce Carleton's force. With 2,350 troops, he moved upon Tucson, where the city was easily and bloodlessly retaken. From there, after a month of recovery in Tucson, he was to advance toward the Rio Grande to fight the Confederacy's strong grip on Texas.

Ruins of Fort Lowell, Tucson.

By June of 1862, the Union government had established the federal Territory of Arizona. Carleton declared himself the new military governor of Arizona and took it upon himself to provide citizens with protection from lawbreakers both domestic and foreign. 

Carleton's mission against the Confederates, despite being challenged in several bloody engagements with the Apache, was made easier by the underwhelming support residents of the territories gave to the Confederate cause. The majority of citizens, former Mexican nationals, had a grudge against Texans for the events of twenty years prior. In Tucson itself, not even 100 residents voted to join secession. However, the Apache depredations soon sidetracked Carleton's California Column from their intended mission of fighting the Confederacy. They were redirected to return peace to the Apache lands in southeastern Arizona. 

Carleton did, though, dedicate troops under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Edward Eyre to retake Fort Thorn on the banks of the Rio Grande in New Mexico Territory. On July 4th, 1862, Eyre was successfully able to reach the river just three miles near the fort. There, honoring the republic's birthday, he held a flag-raising ceremony. It served as the official announcement the Confederate presence in Arizona and nearly all of New Mexico had fallen. Arizona was thereby restored to the union, well in advance of the April 8, 1865, surrender at Appomattox which ended the larger conflict. 

For further reading, you may enjoy the excellent volume on Fort Bowie's history by Douglas C. McChristian, Fort Bowie, Arizona: Combat Post of the Southwest, 1858 - 1894. You can get it here: Fort Bowie, Arizona  Please note this is an affiliate link, and I may receive a commission for items purchased through this link. (Also, thank you!) 

Copyright (c) 2024 by Marcy J. Miller * All rights reserved * No part of this content, including photographs, may be reproduced without the expression written permission of the author * Thank you for linking, forwarding, sharing, and otherwise helping grow my readership * Most of all, thanks for stopping by!

Heading Out to Dos Cabezas Pioneer Cemetery

 

Nestled into the Dos Cabezas Mountains toward the northeast corner of Cochise County lie the remains of some of Arizona Territory's most rugged, independent pioneers - cattlemen; peace officers; Mexican laborers; veterans of the Indian Wars, both World Wars, and other conflicts; German immigrants; Freemasons; and the gutsy women who accompanied them to this harsh land. 

A few historic adobes still dot Dos Cabezas itself. Just a few miles west of Fort Bowie, and fifteen miles from Willcox, the settlement was originally called Ewell's Station, named for Dragoon Captain Richard S. Ewell. It originally attracted fortune-seekers drawn to the gold and silver in the surrounding mountains. Ranchers, lured by the tall grass- and yucca-covered range lands, brought in livestock. A stagecoach station served the Birch Line (called affectionately the "Jackass Line" due to Birch's dependence on mule teams). Dos Cabezas ("two heads") derived its name as far back as the 1840s for the distinctive pair of bald peaks - two heads - that jut prominently from the surrounding peaks. 

The twin peaks of Dos Cabezas, an instantly recognizable landmark.

Once the territory of Cochise's band of Chiricahua Apache, many of those interred in the Dos Cabezas Cemetery had lives shaped or ended by the Apache. William Maxwell Downing, known as "Major Downing" to locals, was the first white settler in the Chiricahua Mountains to the south. Born in Kentucky in 1825, he lived in the Chiricahuas until 1878, operating a lumber mill. Upon his death on March 3, 1898, the Arizona Republic noted that "The old timers and early residents of Cochise county are one by one being called to their home of rest where they will have no fear of the dreaded Apache as they have had." Downing was buried beside the daughter, Delia, who pre-deceased him. His wife, Ellen, later joined them. 

Downing's lumber enterprise saw him supplying Tombstone with product, and in 1880 he shows up in the federal census as having an address on Allen Street with his wife and daughter. It's likely they stayed in town while he worked (and primarily resided at) the lumber camp, as was often the practice at the time. By the time of his death, however, his wife had relocated to Deming, NM, just across the territorial line.  The 1882 BLM / Government Land Ordinance survey shows him homesteading 80 acres in the Chiricahuas near Pinery Creek and conveniently located by the road to Tombstone.

Downing's wife, Ellen, was originally Ellen C. Willard. It wasn't until the occasion of her husband's death that she was reunited with her brother after 41 years. He made the trek from Prescott down to Tombstone (at the time, the Cochise county seat) to help Ellen with probate matters two weeks after Major Downing's passing.

For fellow Arizona history buffs (and if you're reading this far, you must be one!), note that Major Downing is not the same William Downing who gained notoriety for robbing trains and other nefarious behavior, ultimately ending such activity at the hands of an Arizona Ranger. 

Buried elsewhere in the Dos Cabezas Cemetery is pioneer William Vandewalker, a native of Oneida, New York.  A farmer, Vandewalker was the father of two men who operated mining businesses in Dos Cabezas. He and his son, George, settled in Humboldt County, California, before moving to Arizona Territory; the senior Vandewalker operating a farm while George and family raised cattle. George became a prominent cattleman in Willcox, and operated the Bertha mill-site in Dos Cabezas. The other son, William, owned the Los Star Mine. The patriarch had moved to Dos Cabezas in 1882. By 1894, son George was running French Merino cross sheep in the St. Johns area well north of Cochise County, perhaps as their summer pasture. He also bought his "graded stock cattle" in St. Johns before moving them to his Dos Cabezas-area ranch in 1896. 

Several members of Cochise County's prominent ranching family, the Klump clan, are buried in the Dos Cabezas Cemetery. Not only are the Klumps a significant part of the county's history, but they continue to keep it alive through their contributions to the Sulphur Springs Valley Historical Association and Museum. If you rely on Sulphur Springs Valley Electrical Co-Op for your power, as I do, you'll be familiar with Kathy Klump's excellent articles on local history in each issue of the Co-Op's member magazine. 

Theodore Waughtal was a prominent miner and Freemason who moved to the Dos Cabezas area in 1890 and was considered one of the longest-established miners in the county at the time of his death. On July 21, 1908, Waughtal had been inspecting his operations in Cottonwood Canyon when one of our notorious summer monsoon storms kicked in. Waughtal sheltered under a tree when lightning struck, shattering the tree. Waughtal was found "crushed into a bleeding mass" by the bolt of lightning which entered through his head and ran through his entire body. Waughtal's brother, Benjamin, also mined in the area. 

Theodore Waughtal featured prominently in a trail of cattle rustlers after the territory adopted a new law to fight against the rustling epidemic in the region. The first trial resulting from the new legislation occurred in 1903. Billy Speed, an Arizona Ranger who was, at the time, the district livestock inspector, seized 31 calves from a notorious rustling outfit in Dos Cabezas. The calves were motherless and bore the brand  "T-O" used by the Van Winkle brothers. One of the witnesses at the trial was Van Waughtal; another of the  Van Waughtals testified to finding a dead cow branded "X X X", her head caved in by rocks, several days after seeing her with her  unbranded calf in the Cottonwood Canyon area. He later identified the calf as carrying a fresh "T-O" Van Winkle brand. 

Several of Waughtal's relatives share the cemetery as well. 

One of the more poignant features of the Dos Cabezas Cemetery is the presence of rows of semi-marked graves. A simple welded rebar cross marks each otherwise-anonymous site. Fortunately, the community has kindly paid tribute to the souls below ground with a sign to the far rear of the cemetery.  

In contrast, many graves have more elaborate care given them, with protective barriers to keep livestock and wildlife from desecrating the sites, or elegant crosses to mark the memory of the dead.

The Dos Cabezas Pioneer Cemetery is in a lovely location for a desert cemetery, surrounded by gorgeous mountain views.  It's well worth a visit if you enjoy haunting the old haunts as I do. If you do, please leave a comment, and if you're particularly curious about any of the people buried there, let me know and I'll see what I can dig up - not literally. I selected a few of the graves semi-randomly to research, but am often able to do further for those who are interested. 

If you go: Plan on visiting the cemetery in the morning. My afternoon visit made photographing headstones difficult due to the orientation of the graves in the afternoon sun. Wear good shoes or boots with good ankle support; the rodents have done rodent things throughout the cemetery and it is likely you'll have ground crumble beneath your feet. Watch for rattlesnakes! Take plenty of water; although the elevation is about 5100 foot, and it's cooler than the surrounding valleys, the sun will still beat down on you during the summer months. The cemetery is on Rocky Road, an easily-missed turnoff just west of the townsite itself. If you're headed west on Route 186, and you reach the old adobes of Dos Cabezas, you've gone a bit too far. Dos Cabezas is a bit out of the way, so fill your tank and pick up your water / refreshments in Willcox or Bowie before you venture out. 

A few notes on research and references: I used a variety of sources in compiling this blog entry. Books include, but are not limited to: Barnes' Arizona Place Names; The WPA Guide to 1930s Arizona; McChristian's Fort Bowie, Arizona. Newspaper archives include, but are not limited to: The Douglas Daily Dispatch; The Tombstone Epitaph; The Arizona Republic; the St. John's Herald. Online sources include, but are not limited to: The BLM GLO Homestead Records; and Ancestry.com (census records, voter records, etc.)

Recommended reading: (affiliate links! I may receive compensation for purchase of items through this link, and thank you for doing so!)

 Arizona Place Names  This is an essential "backpack" book to throw in your daypack when exploring Arizona. 

Fort Bowie, Arizona Excellent, readable, and well-organized history of nearby Fort Bowie and surrounding key locations.

Historical Atlas of Arizona I cannot survive without this outstanding collection of historical maps of the state. If you're a map nerd as I am, you will quickly tatter the pages of this book. 

Copyright (c) 2024 by Marcy J. Miller * All rights reserved * No part of this content may be reproduced without the express permission of the author * Links to this page, however, may be freely shared and are appreciated * Thank you for sharing, linking, and otherwise helping grow my readership, but most of all, thank you for stopping by!

A Cowboy and Rancher Resting Ground: McNeal Cemetery, Cochise County

 

As the heat has settled in for the season, and I overdid it with my wonky rotator cuff yesterday and didn't have much energy to spare this morning, we opted for a day of visiting desert cemeteries. Just up the road a piece is the McNeal Cemetery, short on shade but long on open vistas across the valley. 

This is a resting place for ranchers and cowboys and prospectors and farmers and early homesteaders, and the grave markers give testimony to the sort of rugged and capable people who are lying below. People such as veteran Captain Augustus Whiting, born in Springfield, Illinois on April 14, 1837, served in the 2nd Illinois Cavalry in the Civil War, and ended up choosing this hot, dusty, windy corner of the country as home for the last years of his life. Capt. Whiting died on November 7, 1915, leaving his widow, Mary, and several children behind.

Ida Katerina Hongo was a homesteader. Local papers carried notices about the mandatory work she was doing on her homestead here in the desert, the "proving up" process necessary to ultimately receive title to the land from the federal government. Born Ida Jaakals in Finland in 1871, she wound up in Arizona Territory with her husband, Frank, whom she divorced in 1912. McNeal apparently attracted a number of Finns to this place so unlike their homeland. Hongo (whose surname appears on various records as "Honga" and "Hanko") farmed on Central Avenue in McNeal. If you haven't been to McNeal, "Central Avenue" conjures up images of a much larger settlement than today's McNeal bears out.

Ade Waisal and Mary Nyholm were among the several Finns who settled nearby. It's always intriguing to me what a truly cosmopolitan place this county was in the 1800s and early 1900s, and to visualize the local general stores being a medley of accents and complexions from such far locales. Mary Nyholm married in Michigan in 1891 before moving south to the Arizona Territory.

Closer to home were the settlers from across the southern border, just a stone's throw away from McNeal, or those who already lived in the region before the 1854 Gadsden Purchase added this part of the state to the union. The frame and gravestone below mark the grave of the child of such residents; although obscured by shadow, the marker merely reads, "Mexican Baby 1918."

Originally from Philadelphia, Anne McCue Murphy married Frank Murphy in 1929. The following year, their daughter was born at Calumet Hospital in Douglas. The Murphys called their place "Murphy Gardens" and at parties at their home in McNeal, they decorated with tulips from their gardens. Their lovely shared headstone is capped with an iron plate depicting rose blossoms and a bit of trellis. It's easy to imagine this family happy among their flowers in this arid place. The second photo shows them in 1934.

Leo Cook and family were clearly ranchers and prospectors still here in a more recent time. Born in Carlsbad, New Mexico, Leo served in the U.S. Army 3rd Infantry in Korea (hence the tribute medal etched onto his marker), returning to Arizona to marry Jane Rae Marshall in 1954. They remained married for 57 years until Jane predeceased Leo in 2011 and left five children and a number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren behind.

Fellow veteran and McNeal resident William Edwin Chafin was born in Indiana on March 25, 1888. William, described as 5'10" with dark hair and blue eyes on his draft card, served as a private with the 105 Ammo Train in World War I. After settling in Cochise County after the war, he worked as a pump man and lived on Hoggard Street, later moving to Van Dyke. When William died in 1965, he left his widow, Bertha, behind. 

Kentucky-born Robert P. Perrin served as a private on the Confederate side during the Civil War. After the war he settled on a farm in Whitewater near McNeal. He lived in Cochise County for the final 14 years of his life, passing in 1923.

One of the things I always appreciate in rural cemeteries is the presence of homemade markers, creatively commemorating the dead, and the small trinkets left behind that give a glimpse not only into the interests or abilities of the deceased but of those who buried them. From small quartz pieces carefully inlaid in adobe mud to simple wooden crosses to crosses of coiled barbed wire that seem to reach upwards in an attempted embrace, it's poignant to me to see these individualized memorials that are disallowed in contemporary urban cemeteries. Often the cemeteries mandate markers must be of flat, uniform marble or granite flush with the surface of the lawn so that lawn mowers can be easily driven across them. Here, there is no lawn, nor often any grass at all; no one mows the scruffy weeds or the persistent yucca. There's dirt, and rock, and unique memento mori lovingly placed by grieving family and friends.

Copyright (c) 2024 by Marcy J. Miller * All rights reserved * No part of this content may be reproduced without the express permission of the author * Links to this page, however, may be freely shared and are appreciated * Thanks for stopping by! 

The Homesman, Woke Critics, and Oh, Those Landscapes!

 I'm going to depart from my regularly-scheduled programming for a few minutes to opine on the matter of a damned good film from way back in 2014 and its poor reviews. I always hesitate to switch from actual western life and history to the films, unless I can present them in relation to the actual western / historical backdrop that informs them, partly because it galls me that "authentic west!" magazines are now almost exclusively about Hollywood west, but I'm also going to admit it: You almost can't love the historical west, its landscapes and peoples, without loving a considerable amount of Hollywood west. So here goes!

A couple of nights ago (the Phillies game being rained out), I stumbled across a film that, in my cultural cave, I'd never heard of. What? A western, complete with a female lead and sweeping vistas and Tommy Lee Jones, and I'd never heard of it? Thus intrigued and yet bearing the low expectations of unfamiliarity, I dove headfirst into The Homesman. I was surprised to see it based on a novel by an author that meant so much to me as a young reader - Glendon Swarthout, who gave us such gems as Bless the Beasts and the Children and The Shootist. 

As habit dictates, shortly after watching a film that I've thoroughly enjoyed, I hit the internet to read more about it. First I focus on the cast and credits and filming locations, then on reviews, and then I do a deeper dive into the historical premise (if any). Today I reached the "reviews" portion of the process and found this doozy: USA Today Review of The Homesman. The Homesman, the review title announced, is a "bunch of malarkey," because, You SEE, "Malarkey" is so WESTERN and UNSOPHISTICATED. Three paragraphs in, it was clear the review was written by a woman (and so I looked back at the attribution, and yes, it certainly was). Her feminine sensibilities were deeply offended that a story that was "purportedly about pioneer women" actually put Tommy Lee Jones "front and center." Apparently our interepid critic was so busy being affronted, she failed to notice the title was "HomesMAN" (and was directed by Tommy Lee Jones). It features men, and women, in a hostile setting, and the women suffer greatly - as women did, in 1855. As the old saying goes, the American west was "hell on women and horses," and the film aptly depicts that hell. The pioneer men were boorish, rough men, and the women led lonely, physically demanding lives, and they got little respect for rising to the occasion - but rise they did, some of them. Others went mad. Why this injures the feelings of today's "strong feminist" woman, I don't know. I don't know why it ruins the movie for them, either. Hilary Swank turns in an astoundingly solid performance as a pioneer woman, deeply complex and both tough and sensitive in good supply. 

Tommy Lee Jones captures the "accidental hero" character perfectly. He's neither likable, nor unlovable, but a pragmatic, situational hero named Briggs. (Or is he? In a land where people swapped names as quickly as today's youth swap genders, it's clear he's making the name up when he's first asked.) He's not a sympathetic hero; he's distinctly unsympathetic; yet still we sympathize. That's what makes a great western film character, really. The anti-hero who, through pain or travail, matures and becomes a hero against his own nature. It's a trope that never gets tiresome, because it's the "hero journey" character arc and it highlights emotional depth in a genre that traditionally falls short in that arena. But today's critics, who thrive on the cult of victimhood and the need for distaff editions of superhero films or all-estrogen remakes of comedies, aren't happy. Until we have an all-woman  or all-trans-woman version of The Wild Bunch or The Magnificent Seven, the harpies shall not rest. 

Here's what Dall-E3 came up with when I requested an image of an "all female" Magnificent Seven. I'm sure we'll see that unfortunate remake before too long. 

Our fair reviewer also took issue with the way the film's tone changed throughout: Sometimes serious! Sometimes humorous! Sometimes dark and tragic! But that's the way life is, and why that troubles People with Pens who Review Films, I do not understand. Dark humor takes over when life is challenging but people are tough: they see the humor and absurdity in situations, and it carries them through. I fear for today's generations of humorless scolds who are ill-equipped, physically or mentally, to survive life's challenges. Life is short, nasty, and brutish, and it is up to us to find what is joyful, amusing, beautiful, and funny between the big and serious parts.

Now for the film itself, and not the jaded critics: The storyline is unique, unpredictable, and gritty. Tommy Lee Jones, Hilary Swank, Christian Spader, and even Meryl Streep bring the A-list names. The landscapes, though! Filmed in the wide-screen off-center horizons John Ford brought to the western, the daunting settings capture the big skies and bigger challenges the pioneers faced. Although the film is set in Nebraska territory, it was filmed on the stark prairie ranches of New Mexico, postage-stamp flat and windblown. Anyone who has braved the plains of New Mexico on horseback on a windy and cold day will sympathize with forlorn Mary Bee Cuddy, lost on horseback without food nor shelter. The cinematography is stunning and harsh and intimidating, and the land itself is almost as much of a character as the humans trying to survive it. Extra points for the portrayal of mules in the film, too - the creatures who truly did conquer the west.

Now I shall have to order the book, and see if my youthful adoration of Glendon Swarthout's work holds up. Swarthout, by the way, ended his own life in my hometown, just as his iconic character (played by none less than John Wayne) ended in The Shootist - facing cancer, and going out on his own terms. 

I asked Dall-E3 to create an image of The Wild Bunch, but with all-female characters. I had to laugh to see the Sharon Stone depiction at far right - and the creepy beast head on the floor. To be fair, it's not that much stranger than the weird designer purses Hollywood women carry to awards shows, so there's that.

If you're looking for a gripping, visually stunning, non-formulaic western, similar in mood and ambience to Blackthorne, give The Homesman a shot. If you wish to get it on DVD or Blu-Ray so the wokesters can't edit the snot out of it on streaming platforms someday, please consider buying it through this affiliate link so your purchase can help buy hay for my mules: The Homesman DVD. And then, if you're like me, you'll want to read the novel: The Homesman by Glendon Swarthout (affiliate link). 

Here's the trailer, too: The Homesman Trailer. Enjoy!

Copyright (c) 2024 by Marcy J. Miller * All rights reserved * No part of this content may be copied without the express permission of the author * Links, however,  may be freely shared, and are appreciated * Thanks for linking, liking, sharing, emailing, forwarding, or otherwise helping grow my readership * Most of all, thanks for stopping by and sharing my love of the American west!

Benson's "Dynamite Row," the Apache Powder Historic Residential District

One of the Apache Powder bungalows on W. 6th Street. Note the Register of Historic Places placard to the left of the front door.

 Benson, the important railway town between Tucson and Tombstone, is too often a "drive through" town for tourists heading to Tombstone or Bisbee. They probably note the gorgeous murals that punctuate the weary buildings, and the replica of the original railroad depot on the north side of the main drag, but most pass through completely unaware of some of the historic treasures just a couple of streets south. On W. 6th Street, eight houses and a little town park are lovely little footnotes in a history involving things that go boom, a company's generals, and the predominant architectural style of the area in the 1920s. 

After serving in Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders unit in the Spanish-American War, and then serving again in DC in World War II, one of the area pioneers and the newly-minted state's most successful businessmen co-founded a company called the Apache Powder Company. Producing dynamite and nitroglycerin at its plant just seven miles down the road from Benson in what was then called Curtiss, the company was referred to simply as "the explosives factory" to the many locals employed there. Incorporated in the state in 1920, the company finished construction of its Curtiss plant in 1922 and was soon producing a million pounds of powder monthly. A narrow-gauge railroad ran from Benson to the plant, and the employees and officials of the plant ran back and forth as well. In 1925, to provide housing for the higher-ups in the company and managerial staff of the plant, the company invested in a number of lots on W. 6th Street in Benson and began constructing houses. Technically, the lots were first purchased by the officials themselves, but after a dispute over the transactions, the company bought out the lots and houses and rented them back to the officials at a subsidized rate. The April 12, 1925 Tucson Citizen announced that a home for the plant's general manager, D. E. Fogg, was erected on the street.  

  

One of the outliers of Powder Row: this Spanish Eclectic house is an Apache Powder Company house, but not in the Craftsman Bungalow style.

The houses were all stucco, and nearly all were of the predominant architectural style of the region during the 1920s - a style called "Craftsman Bungalow." Compact, trim houses, the Craftsman Bungalow were a toned-down reaction to the frothy fondant excess of the Victorian buildings that previously dotted the west. The houses on 6th Street were generally narrow-fronted but surprisingly deep, and each had a detached garage that opened to a back alley. 

Not only did Donald E. Fogg have a newly-built Apache Powder home to occupy with his wife, Hilda, their two children, and an elderly aunt named Maria M. Baker, but quite naturally so did the president himself, Charles E. Mills, whom I mentioned above as the co-founder and successful businessman. A Harvard-educated mining engineer, Mills worked at a number of the territory's-then-state's major mines, including the Copper Queen in Bisbee and Big Bug in Yavapai County. Mills, who remained Apache Powder's president until his death in 1929, lived in his Powder Row home alone, as he never married. Not only a successful mining engineer, he was also an organizer and president of Valley Bank and other enterprises. 

The 1930 census for Bisbee shows dozens of residents in the 6th Street area employed by "explosives factory." Mechanics, engineers, administrators, laborers - Apache Powder populated the neighborhood. Too, there were physicians - also employed by the plant, because in addition to the residences the company built, there was a hospital. Referred to as an "evacuation hospital" it was intended to serve the employees injured at the plant (and injuries there were!) and their families. 

The Mission Revival style house at 209 W. 6th Street, which was the company's "evacuation hospital." 

The region's newspapers carried frequent updates regarding the progress of the street's Apache Powder houses. On June 28, 1925, the Benson happenings column in the Tucson Daily Star announced that a Mr. Wenzel of Douglas was in Benson on matters related to the building of the houses. On August 16, the Tucson Citizen notified the public the houses' construction was "progressing rapidly," and on November 16th the Daily Star commended the tidy exteriors and trim lawns each of seven new $12,000 bungalows on "Dynamite Row" displayed. By January, 1926, eight of the homes had been completed, to the benefit of Valley Lumber in Globe - who reaped a $70,000 contract in the matter, which also included an office building at the plant. Within a month, in February, 1926, the Arizona Republic announced construction on the new hospital was about to begin and in March, a dispensary was added. 

The hospital construction was timely, as April brought a major explosion at the plant. Three thousand pounds of nitroglycerin exploded, totaling the nitrator building (but only damaging the nitrator itself) and its contents, breaking windows in buildings over half a mile away, and making a big-ass boom heard for miles. Surprisingly, no one was injured; the papers raved about the modern features of the plant that made it safe in such instances. When an employee knew the mixture of the nitro was going badly, he ran from the nitrator building, activating a warning whistle that ensured some other workers nearby could run to safety. Despite the damaged acid lines, steam lines, brine lines, and water lines, General Manager Fogg announced the necessary repairs would be made within just five to seven days.

The plant's physicians, such as Dr. Robert C. Kirkwood (who lived on 6th Street) and his trained nurse wife, Laura, remained busy with other injuries, though. Charles Sharp injured his foot badly while operating a foot adz at the plant; plant mechanic William Lewis suffered a severe head wound from a flying chisel, and was sent to the hospital in Tucson. Roy Miller was badly burned on the face by nitric acid, and although the papers reported it as being "bitten" rather than the correct "stung" by a scorpion, the infant son of employee Felix Miller nonetheless was critically ill after the envenomation. 

In addition to the hospital and homes the plant built in Benson, the company bought a 1.75 acre lot on the north-east corner of W. 6th and S. Central to serve as a community park. In the 1960s, that spartan park was transferred to the city and is still called "Apache Park." 

Eight Apache Powder houses remain in Benson today, and in 1994 the houses and neighborhood were given historic designations by the National Register of Historic Places. Look for the placards on the home fronts. The neighborhood itself is the Apache Powder Historic Residential District, and the Dynamite Row houses are all on the south side of the street, across from the little park and the Benson Town Hall.

If you take the time to visit Dynamite Row on your next drive to, or through, Benson, look for these addresses, which span both sides of S. Central:

143 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

157 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

173 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

189 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

193 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

209 W. 6th Street    (the hospital, Mission Revival style architecture)

243 W. 6th Street    (Spanish Eclectic Style architecture)

255 W. 6th Street    Craftsman Bungalow

To the rear of the houses, many of the original detached carports still stand (in various states of disrepair). Most of the houses look to be structurally in good condition, though the "trim lawns" the papers once boasted about are in short supply. The Craftsman Bungalows all rest on California redwood piers, under which there are crawlspaces, and feature wood floors and tapered front porch support columns of wood. And as you visit, take a minute to reflect on the optimism and pride the new occupants once had in these historic gems, working proudly at a new, important plant that produced explosives to support the state's mining industry while their children played at the Apache Powder park across the road. This, in 1920s Arizona, was the American Dream. 

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